Key information:

*   Waste Gasification
*   INNVIORN Corporation
*   October 2009

EFTA_R1_01521305
EFTA02444456

## Why Contract with Innviron?

1. Design of More than 250 and construction management of more than 100 Solid Waste Management Facilities, including Landfills, Leachate and Gas Treatment Systems, Compost Plants, Transfer Stations, Sorting Facilities, Incinerators, Waste Gasification Facilities, Medical Waste Treatment Facilities, and Hazardous Waste Facilities

• Currently designing and permitting the first US commercial Waste Gasification Facility in Georgia, USA. Beginning construction on Gasification Facility in Trinidad in November 2009.

- Photo of an outdoor construction/site area (no chart).
- Large white sheet/tarp/liner covering a hillside in background.
- Ground covered with a dark liner/membrane.
- One large rolled black membrane in foreground (bottom center-right).
- Three people visible (one standing center, two near background left) — no identities inferred.
- Several pipes/tubes and scattered materials/debris across the lined surface.
- Exposed earthen slope at right edge.

- Construction/excavation site with sandy soil and shallow pit
- Two vertical cylindrical steel structures: one large (center-right), one narrower (left)
- Both seated on concrete footings/blocks inside the excavation
- Excavator bucket visible at top-left interacting with the left cylinder
- Background: temporary fencing and trees; no people visible
- Likely activity: installation of caissons/pilings or underground tanks

- 3 lnnviron personnel assisted in development of RCRA regulations, developed the geosynthetic lining system technologies, and developed Sorting Facility and Compost System Technologies.

4. Development of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Regulations for Many Countries and States

- 5 Design, Construction, and Operation of Solid Waste Facilities in the USA, Argentina, Ecuador, the Bahamas, Oman. Lebanon, Panama, Turkey, and the UAE.

• Published more than 100 papers on Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

• Permitted only Hazardous Waste / Transuranic Waste Repository in the USA

## Why Contract with Innviron? (cont.)

## What is Gasification?

Gasification may be defined as follows:

"A process technology that is designed and operated for the purpose of producing synthesis gas through the chemical conversion of carbonaceous materials."

• "A process that converts carbonaceous • mater6ts through a process involving partial oxidation of the feedstock in a reducing atmosphere irrtife presence of steam at temperatures sufficient to convert the feedstock to synthesis gas, to convert inorganic matter in the feedstock to a glassy solid material known as,, vitreous frit or slag, and to convert halogens into the corresponding acid halides."

• "A process that incorporates a modern, high-temperature pressurized gasifier with auxiliary gas and water treatment systems to produce refined product synthesis gas, which when combusted, produces emissions in full compliance with the Clean Air Act."

Wetherhold, B., Orr, D., and Maxwell, D., "A Comparison of Gasification and Incineration of Hazardous Wastes",prepared for US Department of Energy by Radian International LLC, 30 Mar. 2000

## What is Gasification? (cont.)

## History of Gasification

• Coal Gasification used to produce medium quality gas since middle 1800s. Coat heated in low oxygen environment to produce synthesis gas, that was burned for heating and lighting in the 1800s, and burned for electricity in the 1900s.

• Gasification used for the past 50 years in the production of fuels and chemicals.

• Waste Gasification used in treatment of hazardous wastes, and in conversion of MSW to Medium Calorific Value (MCV) fuel.

## History of Gasification (cont.)

## Primary Advantages of Gasification

• Ability to produce consistent, high-quality Synthesis Gas (Syngas) that can be used for energy production;

• Ability to accommodate a wide variety of gaseous, liquid, and solid feedstocks;

• Major components of Syngas are CO, H₂, and CO₂, with low

levels of N₂ and CH₄. SOₓ and NOₓ are substantially lower in

Gasification Facilities than Incineration Facilities.

## Primary Advantages of Gasification (cont.)

## Major Subsystems in Gasification and
Incineration Facilities

1. Waste Preparation and Feeding

2. Combustion and Gasification

3. Combustion Gas Cleanup versus Syngas Cleanup

## Major Subsystems in Gasification and
Incineration Facilities (cont.)

## Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration

## 2. Combustion versus Gasification

<table><tr><th>Incineration </th><th>Gasification </th></tr><tr><td>Designed to maximize the conversion
of feedstock to CO2 and H2O</td><td>Designed to maximize the conversion
of feedstock to CO and H2 </td></tr><tr><td>Large quantities of excess air</td><td>Limited quantities of oxygen</td></tr><tr><td>Highly oxidizing environment</td><td>Highly reducing environment</td></tr><tr><td>Operated at temperatures below the
ash melting point. Mineral matter
converted to bottom ash and fly ash.</td><td>Operated at temperatures above the
ash melting point. Mineral matter
converted to glassy slag and fine
particulate matter (char).</td></tr></table>

Wetherhold. B., Orr, D , and Maxwell, D., "A Comparison of` Gasification and Incineration ofl-la a .d Wastes',prepared for US Department of Energy by Radian International LLC, 30 Mar. 2000

## 2. Combustion versus Gasification (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## 3. Gas Cleanup

<table><tr><th>Incineration </th><th>Gasification </th></tr><tr><td>Flue Gas cleanup at atmospheric
pressure </td><td>Syngas cleanup at high pressure</td></tr><tr><td>Treated Flue Gas discharged to
atmosphere </td><td>Treated Syngas used for Power
Production with subsequent Flue Gas
discharge </td></tr><tr><td>Fuel sulfur converted to SO, and
discharged with Flue Gas</td><td>Recovery of reduced sulfur species in
the form of high purity elemental
sulfur or sulfuric acid byproduct</td></tr></table>

Whetherhold, B., Orr, D., and Maxwell, D., "A Comparison of Gasification and Incineration of Hazardous Wastes", prepared for US Department of Energy by Radian International LLC, 30 Mar. 2000

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## 3. Gas Cleanup (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## 4. Residue and Ash/Slag Handling

<table><tr><th>Incineration </th><th>Gasification </th></tr><tr><td>Bottom ash and fly ash collected,
treated, and disposed as a hazardous
waste. </td><td>Slag is non-leachable, non-hazardous
and suitable for use in construction
materials. 

Fine particulate matter recycled to
gasifier or processed for metals
reclamation. </td></tr></table>

Wetherhold, B., On, D., and Maxwell, D., "A Comparison of Gasification and Incineration of Hazardous Wastes", prepared for US Department of Energy by Radian International LLC, 30 Mar. 2000

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## 4. Residue and Ash/Slag Handling (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Gasification System Design

1. Gasification System operate by feeding carbon-containing waste materials into a heated chamber, with a limited and controlled amount of oxygen. This creates reducing conditions in the Gasification Reactor.

2. At high operating temperatures in the Gasification Reactor, chemical bonds are broken by oxidation and steam reforming at temperatures sufficiently high to promote rapid reactions. Gasification Reactor temperatures in range of 1,550 to 3,500 °F.

Primary components of Syngas created in Gasification Reactor are CO and H2, with lesser amounts of H2O, CO2, N2, C114, H2S, and HCl.

Waste materials are converted from solids to gases, they are not burned. Therefore, Flue Gas is much cleaner for Gasification Process.

Slag has the consistency of glass, and Sulfur may be recovered in elemental form, which may be sold.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Gasification System Design (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Key Elements to a Successful Gasification
Facility

• Sorting Line required to remove high ash content materials such as metals, glass, concrete, brick, rock, and soil;

• C&D materials should be diverted. Plastics and wood can be separated from CEtD and transported to Gasifier;

• Shredder and pelletizer required to produce good quality, more uniform pellets, and to reduce moisture content of waste to about 20%;

• Two stage Gasification required, (1) Conventional Gasification to convert solids to syngas; and (2) Ash slagging unit required to convert carbon in ash to syngas, increase BTUs of syngas, and convert ash to slag;

• Cyclone required after Gasifier to remove particulate matter from syngas prior to combustion in Boiler;

• Boiler with Steam Turbine more efficient than Gas Turbine; and

• Air Quality Treatment system typically consists of Acid Gas Removal Unit, Electrostatic Precipitator, Bag House with Carbon Injection, and Stack.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Key Elements to a Successful Gasification
Facility (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## INNVIRON GASIFICATION SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

Key entities in the image: Sorting Line w/ Magnetic Belt, Shredder, Tire Debeader, Tire Shredder, Bag Opener, Pelletizer (Optional), Feed Hopper, Fluidized Bed Gasifier, Ash/Slag Processing, Cyclone, Boiler, Acid Gas Removal Unit, Electrostatic Precipitator, Baghouse w/ Carbon & Lime Injection, Stack, Steam Turbine, Generator, Electric Output. The image shows a diagram of the process.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## INNVIRON GASIFICATION SYSTEM SCHEMATIC (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Comparison of Waste o Ener
Technologies

<table><tr><th>Description
of</th><th>Total
Waste
Quantity
(tons/day)</th><th>Electricity
per ton of
Prepared
Waste
(MW-hr/ton)</th><th>Cost of
KW-Technology Contstruciton
(Millons US$)</th><th>Electricity
produced
per day
(MW-
hrs/da,) )</th><th>Unit cost
per
hr per da
(US$/kW' 
hr/dia) </th></tr><tr><td>I nnviron
Gasifier </td><td>250</td><td>1.12</td><td>$25</td><td>192</td><td>$130.21</td></tr><tr><td>Incinerator </td><td>250</td><td>0.4</td><td>$75</td><td>69</td><td>$1,086.96</td></tr><tr><td>Plasma Arc</td><td>250 </td><td>0.5 </td><td>$125</td><td>10$</td><td>$1,157.41</td></tr></table>

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Comparison of Waste o Ener
Technologies (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Technical Parameters

<table><tr><th>Description</th><th>NOX</th><th>CO</th><th>VOC</th><th>NH3</th><th>SOx</th><th>|PM</th></tr><tr><td>Concentration ppm of Pollutants
@ 15%02</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>Daily Emissions lbs/day</td><td>37</td><td>34</td><td>36</td><td>34</td><td>2.6</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Annual Emissions tons/year</td><td>6.8</td><td>6.2</td><td>6.5</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.5</td><td>4.0 229</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exhaust temperature 26°C</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

NOx and SOx concentrations are significantly less than air quality standards, and much lower than flue gas concentrations from Incinerators.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Technical Parameters (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities

IGCC Dramatic Improvements in Emissions (Alberta coals) — kg/MWh

| Pollutant | Conventional PC Plants | Genesee 3 (Supercritical) | Gasification |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| SOx | 2.50 | 0.72 | 0.019 |
| NOx | 2.00 | 1.16 | 0.08 |
| Particulates | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.009 |

Comparison on Waste-to-Energy Criteria Pollutants — g/tonne of waste processed

Legend: Gasification (first column), Incineration (second), Landfill (third)

| Pollutant | Gasification | Incineration | Landfill |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| NOx | 31.05 | 192.06 | 68 |
| SO2 | 9 | 94.6 | 53 |
| Particulate Matter | 6.3 | 17.1 | 5.3 |

Source (second chart): Integra Energy Consulting

| Technology                         | CO2 Equivalent Emissions (kg CO2e/kWh) |
|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------:|
| Gasification                       | 1.07                                   |
| Incineration                       | 1.6                                    |
| Landfills with Gas Capture         | 2.75                                   |
| Source                             | BDR Engineering                         |

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities (cont.)

The image depicts an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and a typical sorting facility. It includes photographs of machinery and personnel sorting through waste on conveyor belts.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities (cont.)

- Title: "Onsite (South) Solid Waste and Gasification Management Facility" / "Sorting/Gasification Facility Layout"
- Company/author block: INNVIRON (title block lower right). Drawing number: 1. Date: 28 JUL 2020. Scale appears ~1:200.

Key areas (top → bottom / left → right layout):
- Receiving / tipping area (top-left): truck dock / feed area that feeds conveyors.
- Pre-sorting zone (upper-left center): bank of sorting cells/bays and conveyor feed into processing.
- Pre-processing equipment (left-center): magnetic separator(s) and a shredder / pre-crusher indicated before main trains.
- Transfer conveyors / distribution tunnels feeding the main processing area (center).
- Main processing trains (center-right): four parallel vertical process modules (labelled as gasifiers/reactor units). Each train has upstream feed, a reactor section, and downstream hoppers.
- Downstream solids handling (lower center): four rotary or screw feed devices (one per train) feeding individual ash/char collection bins or containers.
- Final storage/containers (bottom): four boxed collection/storage units for residues.
- Vertical ducting / stack equipment (top-right of main trains): three tall vertical structures (likely exhaust stacks or cyclones) tied to the main processing area.

Counts / repetition:
- 4 parallel process trains (reactors + downstream handling).
- 4 feed/collection containers at the bottom.
- 3 tall vertical exhaust/air-handling columns.

Annotations / labels visible:
- Magnetic Separator (near pre-processing).
- Shredder / Pre-Crusher (adjacent to magnetic separator).
- Conveyor/tunnel links between sorting and gasifier trains.
- "To Disposal" / "To Bunker" type directional flows (general flow arrows implied).

Overall flow summary:
- Truck tipping → sorting/small-bay storage → magnetic separation & shredding → conveyors → distribution to four parallel gasifier/reactor trains → individual residue handling → storage containers.

(Notes: drawing is a facility layout schematic; many small text labels are not legible at this resolution.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities (cont.)

30 Ton/Hr Shredder

Typical of 2

Reception Hopper

and Bag Opener

4' x 30' Inclined Variable

Speed Conveyor

□

[Square bracket]

[Square]

[Square bracket]

[ ]

M

I

T

□

T

ㅁㅁㅁㅁ

[ ]

[Square]

II

[ ]

[arrow pointing from left to right, crossing through two adjacent squares]

[Square bracket]

-50.5

4' x 2' Hopper

Horizontal Sorting Converyor

4' x 55', Variable Speed

Sorting Platform

Crossbelt Magnetic

Separator

4' x 4' Hopper

4' x 14' Horizontal Conveyor

FIGURE 3. SORTING AND SEPERATION FACILITY

FIGURE NO. 3

INNVIRON

LAYOUT

PROJECT NO. US09096

CORPORATION

DOCUMENT NO.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities (cont.)

| Key | Value |
|---|---|
| Image type | Architectural elevation drawing |
| Company / Logo | INNVIRON Corporation |
| Figure No. | 4 |
| Project No. | US09096 |
| Document No. | (not legible / blank) |
| Orientation | Side/elevation view (ground line shown) |
| Visible bays/doors | 6 large vertical bays/panels along main elevation |
| Access | Exterior inclined stair on left leading to top walkway/railing |
| Hoppers / chutes | Small hopper at left base of stairs; larger hopper/dust collector at right |
| Below-grade feature | Rectangular pit or below-grade chamber at far right |

Key components:
- Long rectangular building with regular vertical structural bays.
- Elevated walkway/railing along roofline.
- Exterior staircase on left providing access to roof/walkway.
- Hopper/collector units left and right; right side connects to building and sits above the below-grade chamber.
- Ground line with slight undulation shown across length.

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Flue Gas Emissions Substantially Lower for Waste Gasification Facilities (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## WASTE GASIFIER DESIGN
Income from Sale of Power

Income from 10 MW Gasifier (8.0 MW of Power to Grid):

• qwaste = 250 tons/day

• qp = 171.5 tons/day

- E = (171.5 tons/day)(1.12 MW-hrs/ton)(365 days/yr)(1,000 KW-hrs/MW-hrs)($0.10/KW-hr)

E = $7,010,920 per year

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## WASTE GASIFIER DESIGN
Income from Sale of Power (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATE

<table><tr><th>Description</th><th>10 MW System</th><th>30 MW System</th></tr><tr><td>Design and Permitting</td><td>$1,000,000</td><td>$1,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Construction Management</td><td>$350,000</td><td>$450,000</td></tr><tr><td>Modification of Building</td><td>$3,000,000</td><td>$5,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Scales and Scalehouse</td><td>$165,000</td><td>$165,000</td></tr><tr><td>Site Improvements</td><td>$500,000</td><td>$500,000</td></tr><tr><td>Access Road, Fence, and Guardhouse</td><td>$293,000</td><td>$293,000</td></tr><tr><td>10 MW Gasification System</td><td>$15,000,000</td><td>$45,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Mobile Plant Equipment</td><td>$450,000</td><td>$650,000</td></tr><tr><td>Tire Shredder and Oversize Shredder</td><td>$625,000</td><td>$900,000</td></tr><tr><td>Extend Grid 400 ft</td><td>$500,000</td><td>$500,000</td></tr><tr><td>Offices (3000 ft2)</td><td>$450,000</td><td>$450,000</td></tr><tr><td>Equipment Materials and Supplies</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$100,000</td></tr><tr><td>Total Construction Cost</td><td>$22,433,000</td><td>$55,008,000</td></tr></table>

Assumes that connection to Grid is at the building, no additional cost to extend power lines to the Building

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATE (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF REVENUE

<table><tr><th><u>Description</u></th><th></th><th>10 <u>MW</u> System</th><th><u>30 MW</u> System</th></tr><tr><td>Tipping Fee to Process Waste:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>$40 per ton</td><td></td><td>$3,942,000</td><td>$11,826,000</td></tr><tr><td>Sale of Recyclables:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ferrous Metals: ($60/ton)</td><td></td><td>$280,977</td><td>$842,931</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum: ($750/ton)</td><td></td><td>$183,413</td><td>$550,239</td></tr><tr><td>Processing Fee:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tires: (1 ton/day)</td><td></td><td>$36,500</td><td>$109,500</td></tr><tr><td>Telephone Poles and RR Ties</td><td>(1 ton/day)</td><td>$36,500</td><td>$109,500</td></tr><tr><td>Sale of Power:</td><td></td><td>$7,010,920</td><td>$21,032,760</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL PROJECTED REVENUE</td><td></td><td>$11,490,310</td><td>$34,470,930</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL PROJECTED OPERATING COST</td><td></td><td>$6,894,186</td><td>$17,235,465</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL PROJECTED EBITDA</td><td></td><td>$4,596,124</td><td>$17,235,465</td></tr></table>

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF REVENUE (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Conclusions

	1. Need Tire Shredder and Debeader to process tires

2. Need Oversize Shredder to process Telephone Poles and Railroad Ties

	3. Sorting Line needed to process waste, remove metals and HHW, protect >\ Shredder, Pelletizer, and Gasifier, and provide more uniform pellets

4. Facility would create a minimum of 21 to 50 new jobs

5. Potential Additional Sources of Income:

		- Tires ($2/tire)

		- Telephone Poles and Railroad Ties

			- Carbon Credits

		- Government Stimulus Money and Subsidies

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## Conclusions (cont.)

# Key Differences Between Gasification and Incineration (cont.)

## MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

• Long-Term Contract: Minimum Term = 20 years

• Availability of waste (250 tons/day, 365 days/yr, for each 10 MW Gasification Line)

• 8.0 MW/hr to Grid for each 10 MW Gasification Line

• Support in Permitting the Facility

• Assistance to Obtain Power Buy Back Agreement with the Local Utility Company or Base