<table><tr><th>From:</th><th>Donald Rubin</th></tr><tr><td>Sent:
To:</td><td>Thursday, January 26, 2017 8:50 PM
Nowak, Martin A.</td></tr><tr><td>Cc:</td><td>jeffrey E.</td></tr><tr><td>Subject:</td><td>Re:</td></tr></table>

Ja, but the manipulation could be hypothetical: The sun causes the =lanets to travel in their orbits, implying that no matter how we got =id of the sun, the planets would no longer travel in their orbits.

> On Jan 26, 2017, at 2:52 PM, Nowak, Martin A. a > wrote:

>

>

> "no causation without manipulation"

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